Experts of Dublin-based Front Line Defenders and Canadian software developer The Citizen Lab Canadian found the spyware in the mobile phones of anti-corruption activist Ahmed Al-Neimat, human rights lawyer Malik Abu Orabi, human rights defender and a trainer specialized in investigative reporting, Suhair Jaradat, and another human rights defender and journalist who insisted on anonymity.
Jaradat is also a member of the Executive Committee of the Brussels-based International Federation for Journalists (IFJ).
The phones were infected between August 2019 and December 2021 and “at least two of the four targets were hacked by Pegasus operators primarily focused on Jordan, based on SMS messages containing Pegasus links that map to a cluster of domain names focusing on Jordanian themes,” Front Line Defenders said.
The report identified two Pegasus operators who might be Jordanian government entities, affecting “all human rights defenders working against corruption in Jordan.”
“This research shows that human rights defenders undertaking legitimate and peaceful work continue to be targeted by the local authorities in the MENA region with hugely intrusive spyware that has a terrible impact on not only the individuals but their friends and families,” Front Line Defenders Executive Director, Andrew Anderson, said.
The report underlined that human rights defenders in Jordan are confronted with harassment and hostility, particularly after 2011, when waves of grassroots protests erupted in response to growing dissatisfaction with government corruption and the rising wealth disparity.
It also pointed to recent foreign investigations that were part of the Pandora Papers and corroborated allegations of corruption at the highest levels of the state, which, in reaction to public outrage, was followed by further pressure on activists.
“The use of Pegasus spyware is only but one aspect of harsher measures being taken against human rights defenders in attempts to monitor and conduct surveillance over those who are engaging in work against the preservation of a corrupt Jordanian society,” according to Front Line Defenders.
The Pegasus software, which allows attackers to monitor the victim’s communications, and its producer NSO Group were at the core of the global controversy last summer, which exploded after media reported that some governments used it to spy on journalists and activists.
NSO Group has been facing several lawsuits around the world and has been put on sanction.
A Front Line Defenders’ investigation last November revealed that the phone of French-Palestinian human rights defender, Salah Hammouri, as well as the phones of other Palestinian human rights defenders, were hacked by Pegasus. Amnesty International and The Citizen Lab confirmed the findings.
The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), the Human Rights League (Ligue des droits de l’homme - LDH) and Hammouri himself, filed on Tuesday a joint complaint in France targeting the producer of the software, Israeli cyber intelligence company NSO Group.
As FIDH said in a statement, the violation “was initiated in the Occupied Palestinian Territory and continued on French soil, which constitutes a violation of the right to privacy under French law.”
“Taking advantage of human kind’s achievements in the field of technologies to commit human rights violations must be stopped and accountability measures are urgently needed,” FIDH vice president, Shawan Jabarin, said.
